Understanding Concussions: Symptoms, Treatment, and the Role of Physiotherapy
Concussions are a type of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) caused by a blow to the head, neck, or body that causes the brain to move rapidly within the skull. Although often considered a minor injury, concussions can have significant effects on physical, cognitive, and emotional health if not managed properly. Understanding the symptoms, treatment options, and the role of physiotherapy in recovery is crucial for anyone affected by a concussion, whether from sports, accidents, or everyday activities.
What Happens During a Concussion?
When the brain is subjected to a sudden force, it can collide with the skull, causing chemical changes and potentially damaging brain cells. This disruption affects how the brain functions, which is why symptoms can vary widely and include physical, cognitive, and emotional issues. Importantly, you don’t need to lose consciousness to experience a concussion.
Common Symptoms of a Concussion
Concussion symptoms may appear immediately or develop over hours or days. They often include:
Physical Symptoms:
Headache or pressure in the head
Dizziness or balance problems
Nausea or vomiting
Sensitivity to light or noise
Fatigue or drowsiness
Cognitive Symptoms:
Difficulty concentrating or remembering
Feeling mentally "foggy" or slowed down
Confusion about time or surroundings
Emotional Symptoms:
Irritability or mood changes
Anxiety or depression
Sleep Disturbances:
Difficulty falling or staying asleep
Sleeping more or less than usual
If you or someone else experiences symptoms such as seizures, repeated vomiting, worsening headaches, or loss of consciousness, seek immediate medical attention.
Diagnosing a Concussion
A healthcare professional will diagnose a concussion based on a detailed history and physical examination. Tools like the SCAT5 (Sport Concussion Assessment Tool) or other neurocognitive tests may be used to evaluate symptoms, memory, and balance. Imaging tests like CT or MRI scans are rarely needed unless there’s a suspicion of more severe brain injury.
Initial Management of a Concussion
The primary treatment for a concussion is rest and gradual return to activity. This involves:
Physical Rest: Avoid activities that could risk further head injury, like sports or high-intensity physical work.
Cognitive Rest: Limit activities that strain the brain, such as screen time, reading, or complex problem-solving.
Hydration and Nutrition: Staying hydrated and eating a balanced diet can support recovery.
Symptoms often resolve within 7–10 days for adults, but recovery can take longer in children, adolescents, or individuals with a history of multiple concussions.
How Physiotherapy Helps with Concussion Recovery
While rest is the cornerstone of early management, physiotherapy plays a critical role in helping individuals recover fully from a concussion and return safely to their normal activities. Here's how:
1. Vestibular Rehabilitation
Many concussion sufferers experience dizziness, balance issues, or vertigo due to vestibular system dysfunction. Physiotherapists can assess vestibular function and use specific exercises to improve balance, reduce dizziness, and restore spatial awareness.
2. Neck and Musculoskeletal Care
Concussions are often accompanied by neck injuries like whiplash. Physiotherapy can help alleviate headaches, neck pain, and muscle tension with techniques such as manual therapy, stretching, and strengthening exercises.
3. Guided Return-to-Activity Programs
A physiotherapist can create a structured, step-by-step plan for returning to physical and cognitive activity, including work, school, or sports. These programs gradually increase activity levels while monitoring for symptom recurrence.
4. Balance and Coordination Training
Concussions can disrupt balance and coordination, increasing the risk of falls or re-injury. Physiotherapy uses targeted exercises to rebuild these skills safely.
5. Exercise for Recovery
After the initial rest period, low-impact aerobic exercise has been shown to improve recovery by increasing blood flow to the brain. Physiotherapists guide this process, ensuring it’s done safely without worsening symptoms.
6. Symptom Management
If persistent symptoms like headaches, fatigue, or sensitivity to light/noise interfere with daily life, physiotherapists can provide strategies and treatments to manage them effectively.
Preventing Concussions
While not all concussions can be prevented, there are steps you can take to reduce the risk:
Use Proper Equipment: Wear helmets or protective gear during high-risk sports or activities.
Strengthen Neck Muscles: Strong neck muscles may reduce the force transferred to the brain during an impact.
Follow Safety Rules: Adhere to the rules and guidelines of sports and activities to minimize risky behaviors.
Create Safe Environments: Ensure spaces are free from hazards that could lead to slips, trips, or falls, especially for children and older adults.
When to Seek Help
If concussion symptoms persist beyond the expected recovery timeline, worsen, or interfere with daily life, professional care is essential. Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms (PPCS), sometimes called post-concussion syndrome, may require specialized interventions from a multidisciplinary team, including physiotherapists, neurologists, and psychologists.
Final Thoughts
Concussions are more than just “bumps on the head.” Proper management and a gradual return to activity are essential for a full recovery, and physiotherapy is a vital part of that journey. If you’ve experienced a concussion or have lingering symptoms, our clinic is here to help. From vestibular rehabilitation to guided return-to-sport programs, we’ll support your recovery and get you back to what you love safely and confidently.
